This study examines the role of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the EU Mediterranean and Black Sea, particularly their impact on fisheries and biodiversity conservation. The EU has set ambitious targets to protect 30% of its marine waters by 2030, but the effectiveness of MPAs in meeting these goals, especially regarding fisheries management, remains unclear. The study characterizes 949 MPAs, analyzing their protection levels, management practices, and the fishing activities within and around them. It finds that most MPAs have insufficient protection, with many having unclear or weak management plans. Fishing activity within MPAs is generally lower than outside, but some areas, particularly Natura 2000 sites, still experience high fishing pressure, including destructive fishing methods like towed gears. The study also highlights the displacement of small-scale fishers and a lack of data on fishing impacts within MPAs.
The study concludes that to meet conservation goals, MPAs need higher protection levels, better management plans, and more effective monitoring. It emphasizes the need for increased stakeholder engagement, transparent decision-making, and adaptive management to enhance the ecological and socio-economic benefits of MPAs. Specific recommendations include improving data collection, ensuring stricter protection regulations, and incorporating climate-smart strategies to address the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems. The findings suggest that well-managed MPAs can be an effective tool for balancing conservation with sustainable fisheries management.